What is HPV and why screen for it?
Visit human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted infection in North America. The vast majority of sexually active people — men and women — come into contact with HPV at some point in their lives. For most, the infection disappears on its own without causing any problems.
The catch: certain types of HPV, called «high-risk,» can persist and cause precancerous lesions. If these lesions are not detected in time, they can progress to cervical cancer — a preventable cancer when caught early. According to Health Canada data, approximately 1,500 Canadian women are diagnosed with cervical cancer each year.
A often ignored fact: HPV can also affect men and cause oropharyngeal, anal, and penile cancers. A recent Ipsos poll conducted on behalf of Merck Canada (March 2026, 1,000 Canadians aged 18 to 47) reveals that 31 % des hommes affirment ne pas savoir ce qu’est le VPH, and that nearly half are unaware of the possible consequences of a persistent infection.
Pap test vs HPV test: What are the differences?
The two tests are performed during a gynecological exam. The difference lies in what they look for and their accuracy.
The Pap test (cervical cytology)
The Pap test analyzes cells collected from the cervix to detect cellular abnormalities. Its sensitivity is not optimal: some precancerous lesions may go unnoticed on the first examination. This is why it had to be repeated every three years.
HPV Test (Human Papillomavirus Detection)
The HPV test directly detects presence of the virus rather than the cellular changes it causes. The probability of detecting a high-grade lesion 10 years after a negative HPV test is less than 1 %. The interval between tests changes from 3 to 5 years For people whose result is negative.
| Criteria | Pap Smear | HPV Test |
|---|---|---|
| What it detects | Cellular anomalies | Presence of HPV virus |
| Recommended frequency | Every 3 years | Every 5 years |
| Age of onset | Variable | 25 years old |
| End age | Variable | 65 years old |
| Sensitivity | Moderate | Superior |
The deployment in Quebec: where are we in 2026?
The INESSS had made its recommendations in favor of HPV testing as primary screening as early as 2022. The initial goal of full deployment by the end of 2025 has been pushed back to March 2026.
- 13 regions had completed their transition to HPV testing
- Montreal and Mauricie–Centre-du-Québec could complete their deployment by September 2026
- In regions where the HPV test is already offered, it automatically replaces the Pap test
Important: If you recently had a Pap test
The MSSS specifies that professionals should not perform an HPV test if a Pap test was done within less than three years.
How is the HPV test performed?
The swab is very similar to a Pap test: a doctor or nurse practitioner takes a cervical swab during a gynecological exam. It's quick, slightly uncomfortable, but safe.
What happens if the result is positive?
A positive result doesn't mean you have cancer. Approximately 10 % people with a positive result will require further examination. The vast majority do not have cancerous lesions.
HPV and Vaccination: What You Need to Know
Quebec offers HPV vaccination as part of its school vaccination program. The vaccine's effectiveness in preventing precancerous lesions is superior to 95 % among women aged 15 to 26.
Since October 2024, a temporary measure has allowed people to 21 to 45 years old to access HPV vaccination for free in Quebec.
Is the HPV test possible at a private clinic?
Yes. Some private medical clinics in Quebec can perform the collection and coordinate lab analysis. Some screening services are covered by the RAMQ.
Our doctors in our Quebec clinics can assist you with your cervical cancer screening, discuss your HPV vaccination history with you, and answer your questions about the new 2026 recommendations.
Our service points offer consultations covered by the RAMQ as well as private services according to your needs. Teleconsultation is also available.
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